Section X: Methodology

Optimal Stopping Driven Industrial Perception Framework


1. Problem Formulation

在工业视觉环境感知任务中,系统在时间序列观测下进行决策:

X₁, X₂, …, X_t  →  Decision (Stop / Continue / Act)

其中:

系统目标是在保证感知精度的前提下,最小化延迟与计算成本:

[ \max_{\tau} \mathbb{E}[R(X_{\tau}) - \lambda \cdot C(\tau)] ]

其中:


2. Industrial Perception State Space Modeling

定义工业感知状态为:

[ X_t = { I_t, F_t, O_t, U_t } ]

其中:

进一步定义 belief state:

[ B_t = P(S_t | X_{1:t}) ]

其中:

该建模将视觉问题转化为 Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP):

[ (\mathcal{S}, \mathcal{A}, \mathcal{O}, P, R) ]


3. Optimal Stopping Decision Formulation

3.1 Value Function Definition

定义价值函数:

V(B_t)=\max\left{g(B_t),\ \mathbb{E}[V(B_{t+1})\mid B_t]\right}

其中:


3.2 Optimal Stopping Rule

最优停止时间定义为:

[ \tau^* = \inf { t \ge 0 : g(B_t) \ge V(B_t) } ]

即:

当“立即决策收益”大于“继续观测期望收益”时停止。


3.3 Stopping Boundary Interpretation

状态空间被划分为:

该边界为高维非线性函数:

[ \partial \mathcal{S} ]


4. Bayesian Perception Update

系统采用递推贝叶斯更新:

B_t \propto P(X_t\mid S_t),B_{t-1}

其中:

该机制实现:


5. Reward Design for Industrial Perception

定义工业视觉收益函数:

[ R(B_t) = R_{acc}(B_t) - \lambda_1 R_{delay}(t) - \lambda_2 R_{risk}(B_t) ]

其中:

(1) Accuracy reward

[ R_{acc} = \mathbb{I}(\hat{y}_t = y) ]

(2) Delay penalty

[ R_{delay} = t ]

(3) Risk penalty

[ R_{risk} = \mathrm{Var}(B_t) ]


6. Deep Optimal Stopping Policy Network

为避免解析解求解困难,引入神经策略函数:

[ \pi_{\theta}(B_t) \rightarrow [0,1] ]

输出:

决策规则:

[ a_t = \begin{cases} \text{stop}, & p_{stop} > \delta
\text{continue}, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} ]


6.1 Network Architecture

输入:

结构:


6.2 Loss Function

强化学习目标:

[ \mathcal{L} = -\mathbb{E}[R] + \beta \cdot \mathcal{H}(\pi_{\theta}) ]

其中:


7. System-Level Industrial Integration

提出工业视觉闭环系统:

CameraSDK
   ↓
Feature Extraction (AlgorithmSDK)
   ↓
Belief State Update (PerceptionSDK)
   ↓
Optimal Stopping Policy (DecisionSDK)
   ↓
Actuation (PLC / Robot / MES)

7.1 Real-Time Streaming Formulation

对于视频流:

[ {X_t}_{t=1}^{\infty} ]

系统执行在线决策:

[ a_t = \pi(B_t) ]

满足:


8. Complexity Analysis

Time complexity

每帧:

[ \mathcal{O}(f_{encoder} + f_{policy}) ]

通常:


Memory complexity

仅维护:

[ \mathcal{O}(k) ]


Latency reduction

相比固定帧策略:

[ \text{Speedup} = \frac{T_{fixed}}{\mathbb{E}[\tau^*]} ]


9. Key Insight (Method Contribution)

本方法核心贡献在于:

(1) 将工业视觉从“单帧推理”转为“序贯决策问题”

Frame-level → Process-level


(2) 引入 optimal stopping 替代固定阈值策略

Static threshold → Adaptive stopping boundary


(3) 建立 perception-belief-decision 三层统一模型

Perception → Belief → Optimal Decision

(4) 支持实时工业系统部署


10. Summary of Method

本文提出一种:

基于最优停时理论的工业环境感知决策框架

其核心为:

最终实现:

在保证检测精度的同时,自适应优化推理时机,实现工业视觉系统的“动态决策智能化”。